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Architecture

Arguably the greatest influences on London’s long architectural history have been the church and the monarch. Long before the Palace of Westminster we see today had any democratic power, it was a royal palace and home of the King. Westminster Hall was constructed before the Norman Conquest and features a wooden hammerbeam roof. Westminster Abbey was originally constructed in 1050 and rebuilt in 1245 in the gothic style. Lambeth Palace and the Tower of London were built in the 12th century for the church and the king respectively.
 
When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries and consolidated his power in the 16th century, he took over many palaces and buildings from the church. The greatest architects of the day were put to work to create and extend such properties. Inigo Jones brought Palladian architecture from the continent to London and designed the Queen's House for Elizabeth I, Henry's daughter. The style was employed in the building of the Palace of Whitehall, from which only Banqueting House remains. Later architects built Marble Hill House and Chiswick House in the Palladian style. Hampton Court Palace, St James’s Palace and Somerset House were all built or extended under the guidance of Henry and his relatives.
 
Regular housing in London consisted mostly of wooden framed houses tightly packed together caused by unregulated construction. This caused the Great Fire of London in 1666 to destroy a large area of the city and presented an opportunity for a redesign. Over 70 churches were built, including the rebuilding of St Paul's Cathedral by Sir Christopher Wren.
 
The 17th century saw the English Baroque style employed by Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor in many churches across London as well as the Old Royal Naval College, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Hospital Chelsea.

The 18th century brought large, white stucco Neoclassical buildings by John Nash, Decimus Burton and Robert Adam. These included Carlton House Terrace, Park Crescent and Kenwood House. John Nash’s plan to connect Regent’s Park with The Mall created the grand sweep of buildings that we see today.
 
The 19th century saw the gothic revivalist style in buildings such as St Pancras Railway Station and the Houses of Parliament; by George Gilbert Scott and Charles Barry respectively.

In the 20th century, London is increasingly becoming a playground for modern architects. The structural expressionist style can be seen in buildings such as the Lloyd’s Building and ‘the Cheesegrater’. Architects are pushing the boundaries of design in projects such as the Millennium Bridge, the first lateral suspension bridge in the world. Architecture as sculpture seems to be the theme in Renzo Piano’s Shard.

Investment in London property continues apace and along with it come opportunities for architects to realize their own vision for the city. ​​


​{Architectural Style: Item / Year of Construction}:

Tudor
Lambeth Palace 1440
Eltham Palace 1483
Fulham Palace 1495

Jacobean
Kensington Palace and Gardens 1605

Palladian
Banqueting House 1622
Queen's House Greenwich 1635

​Chiswick House 1729
​Marble Hill House 1729

English Baroque
Royal Observatory Greenwich 1676
Old Royal Naval College 1694
Royal Hospital Chelsea 1695
St. Paul's Cathedral 1697
St. George's, Bloomsbury 1730

Neoclassical
Bank of England 1734
​Spencer House 1766
Somerset House 1776
Kenwood House 1779
Park Crescent 1821

​Marble Arch 1827
​Wellington Arch 1827
Carlton House Terrace 1832
​Royal Exchange 1844
​Royal Institute of British Architects 1934
Senate House 1937

Georgian
Little Green Street 1780

Gothic Revival
Houses of Parliament 1835
St. Pancras Renaissance Hotel 1868
​Albert Memorial 1872
Royal Courts of Justice 1882
Tower Bridge 1894 

Italianate
​Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1868

Byzantine Revival 
St. Sophia's Cathedral 1879

Edwardian Baroque
London County Hall 1922

Art Deco
Oxo Tower 1929
Broadcasting House 1932
​Queen's Cinema 1932
​Battersea Power Station 1933
Hoover Building 1933
Isokon Gallery 1934

Modernist
2 Willow Road 1939

Brutalist
Trellick Tower 1972

High Tech 
Lloyd's Building 1986
The Leadenhall Building 2010

Modern
30 St. Mary Axe 2001
The City Hall 2002
The Shard 2009

Bridges

Albert Bridge 1873
Millennium Bridge 2000
Rolling Bridge 2004

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